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Pagturi

Circumcision
Circumcision surgery with hemostats and scissors
ICD-10-PCSZ41.2
ICD-9-CMV50.2
MeSHD002944
OPS-301 code5–640.2
MedlinePlus002998
eMedicine1015820

An pagturi sarong prosedimiento na hinahale an kublit sa putoy nin tawo.[1][2] An pinakakomun na porma kan operasyon, an prepusyo na kublit inuunat sapaagi kan mga foreceps, dangan pwedeng ibugtak an aparato sa pagturi, na pakatapos kaiyan an prepusyo na an kublit hinahale. An Tropikal o lokal na itinudok na anesthesia sa pankagabsan ginagamit tanganing inaan an kolog asin pisyolohikang stress. Sa parate iyan bakong boluntaryo, na ginigibo bilang prebensyon sa salud, relihiyosong seremonya, o kaugalean sa kultura.[3][4] Saro man iyan na opsyon para sa mga kaso nin phimosis, iba pang mga pathologies na dai rineresolberan an iba pang pagbulong, asin pabalikbalik na mga impeksyon sa pantog (UTIs).[5][6] An prosedimiento contraindicated sa mga kaso nin sarong estruktura sa gentitalia na bakong normal o maluyang pankagabsan na salud.[1][6]

An pagturi konektado sa hababang bilang nin mga impeksyon na ikinaoolakit sa paagi kan pagdodorog asin mga impeksyon nin mga pantog. Kabale digdi an pag - ina nin mga insidente nin papillomavirus (HPV) na nagkakawsa nin kanser asin dakulang pag-ina kan transmisyon nin HIV sa tahaw kan heterosekswal na mga lalaki sa laog nin halangkaw na mga populasyon. Irinekomendar kan World Health Organization (WHO) asin kan UNAIDS an pagturi bilang kabtang nin kompletong programa kan HIV sa mga lugar na may halangkaw na bilang nin HIV. An WHO dai nagrerekomendar nin pagturi para sa HIV sa mga lalaking nakikidorog sa kapwa lalaki; Bakong malinaw an pagigin epektibo sa paggamit nin pagturi tanganing malikayan an HIV sa mauswag nang kinaban. An pagturi na Neonatal nagpapadikit man kan peligro nin bihirang kanser sa putoy.[7] Mas halangkaw an bilang nin mga komplikasyon kun ginigibo an prosedimiento sa mga gurang.[8] An pagrepaso kan 2010 nakakua nin mga pagturi sa medikal na mga parasustento tanganing magkaigwa nin tipikong komplikasyon na 1.5% para sa mga omboy asin 6% para sa mas matuang mga aki, na may nagkapirang kaso nin grabeng komplikasyon.[8] An pagdugo, impeksyon, asin an paghale kun bakong sobra o kadikiton na kublit iyo an pinakakomun na mga komplikasyon. Meatal stenosis an pinakakomun na terminong komplikasyon.[9] An mayor na medikal na mga organisasyon igwa nin dakol na laen - laen na punto de vista manongod sa bioetika, pagigin mahal na marhay sa presyo, asin sa prophylactic efficacy may koneksyon sa bakong boluntaryo na pagturi sa mga menor de edad. An World Health Organization (WHO), UNAIDS, asin an mga organisasyon medikal sa Amerika naninindogan na iyan may mga pakinabang sa salud na mas mahalaga kisa saradit na peligro, mantang an mga organisasyon sa medisina sa Europa sa pankagabsan naniniwala na sa mga sitwasyon na ini an medikal na mga pakinabang kaiyan bakong kontra sa peligro.[10]

An prophylactic na pagturi naggikan sa Inglaterra durante kan mga 1850, na enot na naestablisar bilang paagi na malikayan an mga impeksyon na ikinaoolakit paagi sa pagdodorog.[11] Apwera sa paggamit sa pag-ataman sa salud, an pagturi dakula man an kabtang sa dakol na kultura asin relihiyon sa kinaban, asin parate man na ginigibo iyan. Laen - laen an kultural, etika, asin sosyal na mga punto - de - vista sa kaugalean na iyan. An pagturi kabilang sa pinakamahalagang mga togon sa Judaismo.[12][13][14] An kampanyang etniko, kultural, asin relihiyosong paglamag parateng kaiba an mga pagbabawal sa kaugalean na iyan bilang paagi nin pwersang pag - ako, pagkakombertir, asin ethnocide.[15] An pagturi nagkaigwa man nin dakulang papel sa Kristianong kasaysayan asin teolohiya. Minsan ngani an mayor na Kristianong mga denominasyon nagdadanay na neutral sa rutinang pagturi, iyan lakop na ginigibo sa dakol na komunidad na Kristiano.[16][3][17][18][19] An mga lalaking tinuri sa presente kinakarkulong mga 38% kan populasyon nin mga lalaki sa kinaban.[20] Kun ginigibo para sa relihiyosong mga katuyohan, iyan lakop na marhay sa tahaw nin mga Muslim asin Judio asin kan mga miembro kan mga Iglesya nin Koptiko, Etiopia, asin Eritrean Ortodokso. An pagturi sarong mahalagang marhay o establisadong ugale para sa mga miembro kan mga relihiyon na ini, siring man sa mga Samaritano asin Druze. Lakop man ini sa Australia, Canada, Aprika, parte kan Sur-subangan na Asya, Estados Unidos, South Korea, asin New Zealand.[21][22][23][24] Medyo bihira ini huli sa mga rason na bakong relihiyoso sa Latin Amerika, mga parte kan Aprikang Habagatan, Europa, asin kadaklan kan Asya.[25] An ginikanan nin pagturi dai aram na may kasyertohan; An pinakadaan na dokumento iyo hale sa suanoy na Egipto.[25][26][27]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rudolph C, Rudolph A, Lister G, First L, Gershon A (18 March 2011). Rudolph's Pediatrics, 22nd Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Incorporated. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-07-149723-7. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. 
  2. ↑ Sawyer S (November 2011). Pediatric Physical Examination & Health Assessment. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 555–556. ISBN 978-1-4496-7600-1. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 R. Peteet, John (2017). Spirituality and Religion Within the Culture of Medicine: From Evidence to Practice. Oxford University Press. pp. 97–101. ISBN 9780190272432. male circumcision is still observed among Ethiopian and Coptic Christians, and circumcision rates are also high today in the Philippines and the US. 
  4. ↑ Demand for male circumcision rises in a bid to prevent HIV. pp. 509–511. "As a result, there are already indications of increasing demand for male circumcision in traditionally non-circumcising societies in Southern Africa.". 
  5. ↑ Lissauer T, Clayden G (October 2011). Illustrated Textbook of Paediatrics, Fourth edition. Elsevier. pp. 352–353. ISBN 978-0-7234-3565-5. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hay W, Levin M (25 June 2012). Current Diagnosis and Treatment Pediatrics 21/E. McGraw Hill Professional. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-07-177971-5. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. 
  7. ↑ Error sa pag-cite: Imbalidong <ref> tatak; mayong teksto na ipinagtao para sa reperensiya na pinagngaranan na AAP_2012
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Complications of circumcision in male neonates, infants and children: a systematic review". BMC Urology 10: 2. February 2010. doi:10.1186/1471-2490-10-2. PMID 20158883. 
  9. ↑ Selekman R, Copp H (2020). "Urologic Evaluation of the Child". In Partin A. Campbell Walsh Wein Urology (12th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 388–402. ISBN 9780323672276. 
  10. ↑ Gable, Lance; Gamharter, Katharina; Gostin, Lawrence; Hodge Jr., James; Puymbroeck, Rudolf (2007). "1.12 Male Circumcision". Legal Aspects of HIV/AIDS: A Guide for Policy and Law Reform. World Bank Publications. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0821371053. 
  11. ↑ Afshar, Kourosh; Kazemi, Behnam; MacNeily, Andrew (2018). "The Role of Circumcision in Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections". In Singh, Sunit. Diagnostics to Pathogenomics of Sexually Transmitted Infections. Wiley. pp. 28–34. ISBN 9781119380849. 
  12. ↑ Rosner, Fred (2003). Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics. Feldheim Publishers. p. 196. ISBN 9781583305928. Several eras in subsequent Jewish history were associated with forced conversions and with prohibitions against ritual circumcision... Jews endangered their lives during such times and exerted strenuous efforts to nullify such edicts. When they succeeded, they celebrated by declaring a holiday. Throughout most of history, Jews never doubted their obligation to observe circumcision... [those who attempted to reverse it or failed to perform the ritual were called] voiders of the covenant of Abraham our father, and they have no portion in the World to Come. 
  13. ↑ Mark, Elizabeth (2003). "Frojmovic/Travelers to the Circumcision". The Covenant of Circumcision: New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite. Brandeis University Press. p. 141. ISBN 9781584653073. Circumcision became the single most important commandment... the one without which... no Jew could attain the world to come. 
  14. ↑ Hamilton, Victor (1990). The Book of Genesis, Chapters 1-17. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 473. ISBN 9780802825216. In fact, circumcision is only one of two performative commands, the neglect of which bring the kareth penalty. (The other is the failure to be cleansed from corpse contamination, umb. 19:11-22.) 
  15. ↑ Silverman, Eric (2006). "Circumcision, Anti-Semitism, and Christ's Foreskin". From Abraham to America: A History of Jewish Circumcision. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 161–162. ISBN 9780742516694. Ancient [Greek and Roman] authors praised Jewish wisdom, courage, temperance, and justice. Still, they always denounced circumcision. The anonymous authors of Historiae Augustae, writing in the late fourth century, ttributed a Jewish revolt against Rome in 132-135, called the Bar Kokhba rebellion, to a ban on circumcision enacted by the emperor Hadrian... The prohibition was part of a broad campaign to "civilize" ethnic groups... 
  16. ↑ R. Wylie, Kevan (2015). ABC of Sexual Health. John Wiley & Sons. p. 101. ISBN 9781118665695. Although it is mostly common and required in male newborns with Moslem or Jewish backgrounds, certain Christian-dominant countries such as the United States also practice it commonly. 
  17. ↑ S. Ellwood, Robert (2008). The Encyclopedia of World Religions. Infobase Publishing. p. 95. ISBN 9781438110387. It is obligatory among Jews, Muslims, and Coptic Christians. Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant Christians do not require circumcision. Starting in the last half of the 19th century, however, circumcision also became common among Christians in Europe and especially in North America. 
  18. ↑ Gruenbaum, Ellen (2015). "Ritual and Meaning". The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 61. ISBN 9780812292510. Christian theology generally interprets male circumcision to be an Old Testament rule that is no longer an obligation ... though in many countries... it is widely practiced among Christians. 
  19. ↑ Hunting, Katherine (2012). Essential Case Studies in Public Health: Putting Public Health Into Practice. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 23–24. ISBN 9781449648756. Neonatal circumcision is the general practice among Jews, Christians, and many, but not all Muslims. 
  20. ↑ "Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision". Population Health Metrics 14: 4. 1 March 2016. doi:10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5. PMID 26933388. 
  21. ↑ N. Stearns, Peter (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World. Oxford University Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780195176322. Uniformly practiced by Jews, Muslims, and the members of Coptic, Ethiopian, and Eritrean Orthodox Churches, male circumcision remains prevalent in many regions of the world, particularly Africa, South and East Asia, Oceania, and Anglosphere countries. 
  22. ↑ Clark M (10 March 2011). Islam For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-118-05396-6. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. 
  23. ↑ Religious circumcision: a Jewish view. pp. 17–21. 
  24. ↑ Ubayd, Anis (2006). The Druze and Their Faith in Tawhid. Syracuse University Press. p. 150. ISBN 9780815630975. Male circumcision is standard practice, by tradition, among the Druze. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Error sa pag-cite: Imbalidong <ref> tatak; mayong teksto na ipinagtao para sa reperensiya na pinagngaranan na WHO_2007_GTDPSA
  26. ↑ Ritual male circumcision: a brief history. pp. 279–285. 
  27. ↑ Neonatal circumcision: a review of the world's oldest and most controversial operation. pp. 379–395. 

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